From: [d x m] at [froggy.frognet.net] (Max Tussin) Newsgroups: rec.drugs.psychedelic,alt.drugs Subject: Dextromethorphan FAQ Part 06/06 Date: 7 Apr 1996 23:25:44 -0400 Keywords: DXM DM Robitussin Tussin Dextromethorphan Sigma NMDA P450 X-URL: http://www.frognet.net/dxm/dxm.html [7.2] How can I get rid of other drug ingredients? First I'd like to emphasize that this is still preliminary. Testing is not complete, and in particular if the method fails to remove all the acetaminophen you could be in a lot of trouble. So consider this as a starting point for further research only. The basic principle here is differential solubility - different ingredients are soluble in different solvents. The relevant solvents here (with solubility listed if I could find it) are: o---------------------------------------------------------------o | Substance | Cold H2O | Hot H2O | Ethanol | Ether | |===============+===========+===========+===========+===========| | DXM HBr | Soluble | Soluble | Soluble | Insoluble | | | (<1.5%) | (25%) | (25%) | | |---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------| | DXM Freebase | Insoluble | Insoluble | Soluble | Insol.? | | | | | | | |---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------| | Guaifenesin | Slightly | Soluble | Soluble | Soluble | | | (1g/20ml) | | | | |---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------| | Pseudoephed- | Soluble | Soluble | Soluble | Soluble? | | rine HCl | | | | | |---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------| | Pseudoephed- | Slightly | Slightly | Soluble | Soluble | | rine Freebase | | | | | |---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------| | Acetaminophen | Insoluble | Soluble | Soluble | Slightly | | (Paracetamol) | | | | | |---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------| | Propylene | Miscible | Miscible | ? | Soluble | | Glycol | | | | | |---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------| | Polyethylene | Soluble | Soluble | Soluble? | ? | | Glycol | | | | | o---------------------------------------------------------------o Table 3: Differential Solubility Data This information is from the Merck Index; I'm trying to fill in the unknowns from other sources. In particular, I'm fairly certain that DXM free base is insoluble in ether, and that d-pseudoephedrine HCl is soluble in ether. Three steps should take care of pretty much everything: extraction with ether (to remove propylene glycol, guaifenesin, and possibly d-pseudoephedrine HCl), precipitation of acetaminophen by cooling, and precipitation of DXM by NaOH. It is possible that the removal of acetaminophen in a separate step can be avoided if NaOH doesn't cause precipitation of acetaminophen (I'm working on it). As propylene glycol and guaifenesin are soluble in water as well as ether, the extraction with ether should probably be repeated. In particular, chilling the water would probably help by reducing the solubility of the guaifenesin. The removal of acetaminophen is fairly straightforward; just cool the water and remove any precipitate. You want to make sure all the alcohol has been removed before this step, though. Unfortunately DXM itself becomes less soluble in cold water, so you might lose a little bit. The final step (precipitation of free base) is the same as usual; the only caveat is that if the original preparation contained d-pseudoephedrine, some of it might have made it this far and precipitate as well. Again, I'm working on it. I'll include procedural steps when I finish research and testing. Please remember that this is an untried procedure and may not be safe! I encourage anyone with comments to let me know what you think. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- [7.3] How do I use free base DXM? The DXM you extracted is in free base form, so it is theoretically possible to smoke it using a vaporization pipe. I have received two reports on this subject; the results were somewhat disappointing. Evidently, the DXM was very rough on the throat, and smelled like burning plastic. It looks like DXM may not be smokable. On the other hand, it may well have been overheated. It is important to make sure that the DXM is heated just to sublimation, and that it is very pure before this is attempted. I still make no claims as to the safety of this procedure. Again, if you have smoked free base DXM, please contact me for inclusion in the next FAQ. You can also load it into a capsule and take the capsule. I would advise eating with this to avoid stomach pain (probably due to the alkalinity of the DXM). Or, you can neutralize with dilute HCl (or orange juice, for that matter) and drink the resulting liquid (which, from what I hear, is pretty yucky in the case of HCl - evidently orange juice wins here). Please note that using excess HCl may convert the DXM to dextrorphan. You can also dissolve the free base DXM in alcohol (e.g., EverClear[tm] or vodka) and shoot it (nasty tasting, but it works). Or, you can use the free base DXM for further syntheses - see Section 7.5. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- [7.4] How can I synthesize DXM? Still nothing yet. The patent hasn't come in, and the only articles I have are in German. If anyone out there speaks German and can translate a bunch of chemistry articles for me, I'll be happy to include this in version 3.1. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- [7.5] What can I synthesize from DXM? All chemical processes in this section require pure DXM. If you do not have pure DXM, you must extract from cough formulae as above (and purify it really well). Most of these processes require significant skill, and access to lab equipment and chemicals. To my knowledge none of this is illegal (but don't take my word on it). Don't fret if your yields aren't as good as specified. Most of the procedures are from the same source (97). Dextrorphan This is probably the easiest by far. In fact, it's often accidental in the isolation of pure DXM. Any excess of acid (HCl or HBr) should produce dextrorphan. The primary reference for this section (97) used 48% HBr. It is possible that this occurs accidentally in some extraction procedures where HCl is used to convert DXM free base to water-soluble form. This may account for people indicating that extracted DXM is stronger than DXM in cough formulae. Levorphanol / Levomethorphan These compounds would most likely have opiate activity. Unfortunately, as someone (wish I remembered who!) once put it, the isomer fairy isn't going to descend from heaven and wave her magic wand. You'd basically have to get the cross bridge to flip around (if you could do this, the hydrogens would probably conform as desired). Good luck! Personally, I don't think it can be done, at least not easily. By the time you got the lab and chemicals to do it, it'd probably be easier just to make methylfentanyl from scratch. If you do figure out a way to do it, please don't tell anyone; nothing would bring the DEA into this faster than someone making an opiate out of DXM. You don't need to tell me either, since I don't consider opiates to be much fun. Oh, and if the isomer fairy does show up, you might as well ask her to make you some methamphetamine from Vicks Nasal Inhalers[tm]. ============================================================================== [8] MIXING DXM WITH OTHER RECREATIONAL DRUGS In addition to the sections below, you may wish to consult Section 10 to see what people have written about their experiences with DXM and other drugs. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [8.1] Alcohol Some users report that a small amount of alcohol (a beer or two) before the DXM can both enhance the trip and prevent some nausea. Alcohol following the DXM trip seems to be reduced in some, but not all, of its effects. Note that large doses of alcohol combined with DXM often cause prolonged (up to 2 hours!) vomiting. Alcohol after the end of a high dosage DXM trip has been reported to temporarily bring back many of the dissociative effects (cannabis and nitrous oxide also do this). This seems possible up to five days after the DXM trip, depending on your metabolism and brain chemistry. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [8.2] Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines I have no data on this combination. I strongly suggest you avoid this; both barbiturates and benzodiazepines tend to be dangerous enough by themselves. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [8.3] Amphetamines and Other Psychostimulants Some people enjoy this combination, others find it unpleasantly speedy. Most who've tried it reported that DXM will potentiate other stimulants. Since DXM inhibits dopamine reuptake, combining it with a dopamine releasing agent (amphetamine or methamphetamine) will naturally produce a combined, synergistic effect. Consequently, you should be careful to avoid a hypertensive crisis. Combining DXM, a psychostimulant, and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor is a sure way to make your blood pressure skyrocket and will probably kill you (if you're lucky) or leave you with severe brain damage (if you aren't lucky). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [8.4] Cannabis (Marijuana) DXM plus cannabis is a frequent combination, which most people seem to enjoy, at least at lower doses of DXM. High doses of DXM (third plateau and up) mixed with cannabis can be very, very dissociative and sometimes unpleasant. One user reported that 360mg DXM followed 3.5h later by "a bowl or two" produced a very profound, and unique, intoxication. Severe flanging of all sensory input was present, and there was an overall "vibration" feeling present in the muscles. With eyes closed, he could think fairly clearly, and solve simple and complex tasks much easier than on DXM or cannabis alone; however, with eyes open (or other sensory distraction) cognitive abilities deteriorated rapidly. Motor skills were possible only when performed automatically; any attempt to focus on them led to difficulties. Several users have reported that cannabis and DXM generally "go well" together. Note that cannabis after the DXM trip is over seems to bring back some of the dissociative effects, much like alcohol and nitrous oxide. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [8.5] LSD, psilocybin, and other 5HT hallucinogens I have limited data on this combination. One person simply said that DXM and LSD was "not recommended". Another person disagreed, and said that DXM helped him avoid unpleasant cognitive effects and "bad trips" he might otherwise get from LSD alone. LSD may help you remember the experiences of higher plateau DXM trips. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [8.6] Opiates One person says that small amounts of opiates tend to "mellow out" the DXM trip, and reduce the possibility for panic attacks or anxiety. Another user said opiates should only be taken after the peak of the DXM trip, because otherwise they would cancel each other out to some degree. On the other hand, this may be a dangerous combination, and I'd recommend against it. Both DXM and opiates can depress respiration and high enough doses, and there might be a synergistic effect. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [8.7] PCP and ketamine The only report I have indicated that ketamine plus DXM was not much different from ketamine. I expect that most of DXM's particular effects on sigma receptors are overshadowed by ketamine's NMDA antagonism. Ketamine is a much more potent NMDA antagonist than DXM, and since they both compete for the same site, DXM isn't going to affect this much. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [8.9] Nicotine This is a combination I hadn't considered before, but which evidently is fairly interesting. Nicotine seems to vastly potentiate DXM's effects for some people, enough so that one user reported that one cigarette could floor him on a second plateau trip. Another user reported that nicotine helped him overcome some of the memory problems with higher doses of DXM, but tended to induce nausea. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [8.9] Nootropics (Smart Drugs) A few regular users of dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), around 800mg per day, have reported that the regular use of DMAE prevents a lot of the memory and cognitive problems associated with DXM use, while still leaving the rest of its interesting effects. A similar effect has been reported for piracetam. See also information on use of nootropics to limit hangover in Section 4.5. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [8.10] Miscellaneous Other Drugs Several people have reported to me that nitrous oxide goes well with DXM, especially towards the end of the trip. This seems to be consistent with nitrous oxide's effects in combination with other hallucinogens. Specifically, nitrous oxide seems to intensely multiply the flanging, "stoning", and dissociative effects without added adverse side effects. It might be a good idea to avoid tetrodotoxin, given DXM's sodium channel blocking ability. (This is a joke! No, don't go out and try zombie potion) ============================================================================== [9] DXM DRUG CULTURE This section describes some of the current and past DXM culture. Most of this is one big unknown, and I'm attempting to write the definitive text on the history of DXM's recreational use (this will probably take me several years). If you have information on this topic, especially related to the use of DXM in the form of Romilarú prior to 1975, please contact me. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [9.1] Is there, or was there, a DXM drug culture? The answer is an overwhelming yes, although DXM use has always been deeply underground. For example, in the late 1980's, DXM was widely popular with the hardcore/punk movement, and in the 1970's, there seemed to be other groups of users. DXM users in the late 1980's had a sort of "network" that stretched across the USA and into parts of Europe. The total number of users was probably less than 10,000. An interesting characteristic of their DXM use was that it was a group activity, whereas many DXM users today regard it as a solitary experience. There seem to be (rare) medical references indicating DXM recreational abuse dating back to the 1960's. I'm trying to get more on this. I have talked to a few people who have said that recreational use of DXM in the form of Romilarú tablets was extremely common. If so, then DXM's recreational potential may be the best-kept secret in the recreational drug world. Some cities seemed to have considerable DXM use activity, notably with youth; in one town, there were empty bottles of cough syrup littering the street, and sale of cough syrups were restricted to people 18 and up. However, these incidents seem to be few and far between. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [9.2] Why haven't I ever heard about it? Damned good question. I don't know; in fact, I'm researching DXM's use culture right now and hope to write a more extended paper on it (please submit any material to me). There have been occasional newspaper articles about DXM's recreational use; however, it has mostly been kept in the dark. My hunch is that medical authorities are, in general, aware of DXM's (ab)use potential, and have chosen to keep it silent to prevent further growth. In fact, until fairly recently, many physicians were not even aware that DXM was psychoactive at high dosages (or if they were, they denied it). My hunch is that at some point, the medical authorities and manufacturers of DXM-based preparations realized that they had two choices: take DXM off the market, or convince people they couldn't get high off of it. They took the latter approach, getting rid of DXM-only pills and leaving cough medicines in which DXM was combined with other ingredients. The majority of users decided it wasn't worth the effort of gulping down cough syrup (and possibly vomiting due to guaifenesin), and the next generation grew up ignorant. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [9.3] Is there a "drug slang" for DXM? Not really, because DXM users have not, in general, been well connected with each other. However, here is what I have gathered (there is some redundancy due to the fact that this is taken from several different users). heebie-jeebies (n) The hangover effect of high-dose or chronic DXM use, characterized by amotivational syndrome and avoidance. "I don't want to go to class; I still have the heebie-jeebies." jolly (v) To take DXM-containing cough syrups and ride up and down elevators. This term evidently dates to the late 1960's; to my knowledge it hasn't been used in the past couple of decades. robo (n) Any DXM-containing preparation. "Hand me that bottle of robo". Occasionally tussin, DM ("dee emm"). "Hand me the DM". (v.i.) To dose with DXM. "I roboed last night". From Robitussin[tm], a cough syrup brand; possibly also influenced by "robot-like" behavior caused by DXM. Occasionally tuss (v.i.), and DM (v.i.). "I tussed last night". robo-cop (n) Any store employee who keeps track of DXM purchases and/or requests proof of age for DXM purchases. "You go buy; the robo-cop there recognizes me". A pun on the movie of the same name. Robo Itch (n) A transient phase of intense itching that some people feel at the beginning of a DXM trip. Occasionally "The Itch". Robo Shuffle (n) Disturbance in gait consisting of rigidity and "robot-like" motion, often accompanied by a slow, shuffling movement. Typical with high doses of DXM. Occasionally just "The Shuffle". roly-polies (n) The desire to roll around, do cartwheels, spin, or otherwise engage in rolling motions. Occurs to some during and/or after a DXM trip. sea legs (n) Disturbance in gait and balance somewhat like walking on land when accustomed to ocean balance (or vice versa). Differs from the "Robo Shuffle" in that this disturbance usually involves large, fluid, sweeping motions. Typical with low doses of DXM. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [9.4] Are there any street names for DXM? Not really, at least not yet. Several people have been making suggestions, though. Currently the ones I've heard of are: DM I try to discourage this in favor of DXM, since most "DM" cough syrups have other ingredients besides DXM. Also, most of the literature I've come across uses DXM instead of DM to refer to dextromethorphan. DXM The most accepted but the least interesting. Robo The old standby, although it is somewhat dated since a lot of people use Drixoral Cough Caps[tm]. Rojo Meaning "red", this term refers to the usual color of cough syrups and gelcaps. Interestingly similar to "Robo". Euphoria Possibly too many syllables for a street term; besides, it's already taken (methaminorex) Nexus Already taken, unfortunately (2C-B); DXM's higher-dose effects are reminiscent of Star Trek: Generations ("This is the nexus. Time has no meaning here.") Drix More up-to-date than Robo, but it too dates itself. What will we use when Drixoral[tm] becomes less popular? Sky An interesting one; not quite sure of the derivation. Lucifer Somewhat appropriate, as DXM can be very illuminating, and you may not like what you see. Unfortunately there are some rather negative connotations (added by Christianity) to this particular deity. Rise Someone suggested this based on "rush" induced by DXM as it begins to peak. Gel Suggested to me by someone who observed that DXM is available in gel-capsules (Drixoral[tm]), and that it tends to make some people feel like they are swimming in Jell-O[tm]. Let me know if you come up with anything. I doubt DXM will ever be a true "street drug", but you never know. Besides, "Dee Ecks Emm" takes too long to say in casual conversation. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [9.5] How do I explain to my friends that I'm getting high off cough syrup? Good question. Lots of people consider DXM to be a "second-class" drug, good only for people who can't get the real thing. Here's some things to try and point out: o Heroin was originally marketed as a cough suppressant. Nobody's calling it a kiddie drug now! o DXM is in the same drug class as PCP and ketamine ("Vitamin K" or "Special-K"), with an added stimulant effect functioning like that of cocaine. o DXM's recreational use potential has probably been purposefully hidden by the medical community. So not only do you get a drug, you also get conspiracy theory material as well! o DXM has been used as a psychedelic longer than LSD has. o DXM targets five different receptor sites _ that's five times the complexity of marijuana! o So what if you puke from drinking cough syrup? Peyote can make you puke, too! o DXM is a three-letter acronym just like PCP, LSD, DOB, DOI, and THC (not to mention FBI, CIA, NSA, FEMA - oops, sorry, that's four letters). o It must be interesting, because some neuropharmacology geek (yours truly) spent over 500 hours researching and writing a 200 page book about it. ============================================================================== [A] APPENDICES [A.1] Appendix 1: P450 Inhibiting Drugs This is a partial list of recreational and medical drugs which inhibit the P450 enzymes. Not all of them will inhibit all of the P450 enzymes, but it's safe to say that a substantial number of these will interact with DXM. [This section to be inserted when paper is received] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [A.2] Appendix 2: Receptor Binding of Recreational Drugs alcohol Targets and blocks GABA and NMDA channels, as well as probably having an effect on other ion channels (voltage-dependent and receptors). Actually, alcohol is not well understood in comparison to other drugs. amphetamine Causes a non-vesicular release of dopamine and noradrenaline by neurons which normally secrete them. May have some direct effect on dopamine and noradrenaline receptors, but this is insignificant compared to its neurotransmitter releasing effect. barbiturates Targets and binds to a specific site on GABA receptors, which activates them. This site is called the barbiturate binding site (appropriately enough). This is a different site from alcohol and benzodiazepines, so that if you combine any of these three, they will not compete for the same binding sites. Consequently, there is a synergistic effect, which can be quite dangerous. benzodiazepines Similar to barbiturates, except for two factors. First, the binding site is the benzodiazepine site on the GABA receptor. Second, when a benzodiazepine binds to this site, the GABA receptor is not immediately activated; instead, the natural action of GABA is enhanced. This is the main reason benzodiazepines are safer than barbiturates, and have different effects. "blues" An antihistamine (targeting and activating the H1 receptor) which probably has sigma1 ((1) antagonist properties; when used in combination with pentazocine, it probably blocks the sigma activity of the latter. Rarely found. The only reason I'm mentioning it is because I heard about it in a comedy skit called "Rock and Roll Doctor" and always wondered what "blues" were (until I found out). Well, if you wondered too, now you know. caffeine Targets and blocks an adenosine receptor, probably A2 but possibly A1. This is an inhibitory presynaptic receptor, i.e., when activated it decreases the amount of neurotransmitter released by a neuron. Thus, caffeine blocks some of this inhibition, increasing neural activity. cannabis Targets a specific receptor (or family of receptors) designated anandamide. It is not yet known whether cannabis (actually, THC) is an agonist or antagonist at this receptor. codeine See morphine. coffee See caffeine. cocaine A dopamine reuptake inhibitor; cocaine blocks the transporter which takes used dopamine out of the way. Thus, dopamine secreted by a neuron keeps activating receptors over and over. Cocaine is also a sigma1 agonist, and has blocking abilities on certain ion channels (by which it exerts its local anesthetic effects). Demerol See morphine. glue See solvents. heroin See morphine. LSD Targets 5HT2A and 5HT2C, where it acts either as an antagonist or a partial agonist. Also has some dopaminergic activity; however, the majority of its effects are mediated through the 5HT receptors. marijuana See cannabis. MDA See MDMA. Release binding spectrum is probably different, and MDA may have additional effects on receptors. MDMA Similar to amphetamine, except that MDMA causes a nonvesicular release of dopamine and serotonin (5HT). Probably has other effects as well, some of which may be significant. methamphetamine Similar to amphetamine, possibly with more dopamine release. morphine Targets opioid receptors - mu, kappa, and delta - where it acts as an agonist. Slight differences in binding spectrum to opiate receptors exist among the various natural and synthetic opiates. nitrous oxide Seems to affect phospholipid membranes, although some effects may be mediated by NMDA and GABA channels, and other ion channels. General anesthetics are similar to nitrous oxide, although more toxic. opium See morphine. Ritalin Similar to amphetamine, but less potent. seconal See barbiturates. solvents Same general theory as alcohol and nitrous oxide, but considerably more toxic to neurons (and the liver). Valium[tm] See benzodiazepines. yohimbine Targets and blocks alpha2 adrenergic receptors. These are autoreceptors, which normally limit the activity of adrenergic neurons. By blocking alpha2 receptors, yohimbine increases the activity of these neurons. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [A.3] Appendix 3: Other Sigma and NMDA Ligands [This section currently under development] ============================================================================== [R] REFERENCES Note: due to a hard drive crash, some of the information for this section was lost; in particular, I am missing the authors for about 20 or so papers. Hopefully this information will be corrected in the next release. 1 Fleeger CA (ed.). USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names. 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