From: [t j c 50] at [ccc.amdahl.com] (Terry Carroll) Newsgroups: misc.legal,misc.legal.computing,misc.int-property,comp.patents,misc.answers,comp.answers,news.answers Subject: Copyright Law FAQ (1/6): Introduction Date: 23 Nov 93 19:04:32 GMT Posted-By: auto-faq 2.4 Archive-name: Copyright-FAQ/part1 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT COPYRIGHT (V. 1.1.2) Part 1 - Introduction. Copyright 1993 Terry Carroll (c) 1993 Terry Carroll This article is the first in a series of six articles that contains frequently asked questions (FAQ) with answers relating to copyright law, particularly that of the United States. It is posted to the Usenet misc.legal, misc.legal.computing, misc.int-property, comp.patents, misc.answers, comp.answers, and news.answers newsgroups monthly, on or near the 17th of each month. This FAQ is available for anonymous FTP from rtfm.mit.edu [18.70.0.209], in directory /pub/usenet/news.answers/Copyright-FAQ, files part1 - part6. If you do not have direct access by FTP, you can obtain a copy via email: send a message to [mail server] at [rtfm.mit.edu] with the following lines in it: send usenet/news.answers/Copyright-FAQ/part1 send usenet/news.answers/Copyright-FAQ/part2 send usenet/news.answers/Copyright-FAQ/part3 send usenet/news.answers/Copyright-FAQ/part4 send usenet/news.answers/Copyright-FAQ/part5 send usenet/news.answers/Copyright-FAQ/part6 quit The most current copy of the FAQ, generally identical to the version on rtfm.mit.edu, is always available for anonymous ftp from charon.amdahl.com [129.212.33.1], in the directory /pub/misc.legal/Copyright-FAQ, filenames part.1 - part.6. DISCLAIMER - PLEASE READ. This article is Copyright 1993 by Terry Carroll. It may be freely redistributed in its entirety provided that this copyright notice is not removed. It may not be sold for profit or incorporated in commercial documents without the written permission of the copyright holder. Permission is expressly granted for this document to be made available for file transfer from installations offering unrestricted anonymous file transfer on the Internet. Permission is further granted for this document to be made available for file transfer in the Legal Forum and Desktop Publishing Forum data libraries of Compuserve Information Services. This article is provided as is without any express or implied warranty. Nothing in this article represents the views of Amdahl Corporation, Santa Clara University, or the Santa Clara Computer and High Technology Law Journal. While all information in this article is believed to be correct at the time of writing, this article is for educational purposes only and does not purport to provide legal advice. If you require legal advice, you should consult with a legal practitioner licensed to practice in your jurisdiction. Terry Carroll, the FAQ-maintainer, is a computer professional, and is currently (7/93) a student in his final year at Santa Clara University School of Law and Editor-in-Chief of the Santa Clara Computer and High Technology Law Journal. If you have any additions, corrections, or suggestions for improvement to this FAQ, please send them to one of the following addresses, in order of preference: [t j c 50] at [juts.ccc.amdahl.com] [t--rr--l] at [scuacc.scu.edu] [71550 133] at [compuserve.com] I will accept suggestions for questions to be added to the FAQ, but please be aware that I will be more receptive to questions that are accompanied by answers. :-) FAQ ORGANIZATION. The following table indicates the contents of each of the parts of the FAQ. For each part, the last version in which that part was substantially updated (excluding the reorganization into six parts done as part of V1.1.0) is indicated in parentheses. Part 1 (V1.1.1) - Introduction (including full table of contents). Part 2 (V1.1.2) - Copyright basics. Part 3 (V1.0.0) - Common miscellaneous questions. Part 4 (V1.0.0) - International aspects. Part 5 (V1.0.2) - Further copyright resources. Part 6 (V1.0.0) - Appendix: A note about legal citation form, or, "What's all this '17 U.S.C. 107' and '977 F.2d 1510' stuff?" TABLE OF CONTENTS (for all parts). Part 1 - Introduction. Part 2 - Copyright Basics. 2.1) What is a copyright? 2.2) What is "public domain?" 2.3) I just wrote a great program/novel/song/whatever. How can I get a copyright on it? 2.4) How long does a copyright last? Does it need to be renewed? 2.5) What advantages are there to registering my work with the Copyright Office? 2.6) How can I register a copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office? 2.7) What advantages are there to including a copyright notice on my work? 2.8) Can I ever use a copyrighted work without permission of the copyright holder, or "What is 'fair use?'" 2.9) Fair use - the legal basis of the doctrine. 2.10) [reserved.] Part 3 - Common miscellaneous questions. 3.1) Who owns the copyright to something I wrote at work, me or my company? 3.2) [reserved.] 3.3) Is copyright infringement a crime, or a civil matter? 3.4) What is the statute of limitation for copyright infringement? 3.5) Can the government be sued for copyright infringement? 3.6) Can the government copyright its works? 3.7) Can I legally make a cassette copy of a musical CD for my own use, so I can play it in my car? 3.8) Are Usenet postings and email messages copyrighted? 3.9) Are fonts copyrighted? 3.10) What does "All Rights Reserved" mean? 3.11) What's the difference between a copyright and a patent? 3.12) Why is there so little in this FAQ about patents? 3.13 - 3.18) [reserved.] Part 4 - International aspects. 4.1) What international treaties exist governing copyright, or "What is this Berne Convention I keep hearing about?" 4.2) Is Freedonia a signatory to either the Berne Convention or to the Universal Copyright Convention? Part 5 - Further copyright resources. 5.1) Where can I get more information on copyright? 5.2) What materials related to copyright are available on the Internet? Part 6 - Appendix: A note about legal citation form, or, "What's all this '17 U.S.C. 107' and '977 F.2d 1510' stuff?" INTRODUCTION This FAQ originally began as a general-purpose FAQ for the Usenet misc.legal newsgroup. After working on that broad FAQ for several months, it became apparent that such a FAQ was too monumental a task to be undertaken by a single FAQ maintainer. The person who succeeded me in the effort agreed. I've noticed that copyright questions seem to come up constantly on Usenet, not only in misc.legal, but in many newsgroups, from comp.fonts to rec.classical.music. It also happens to be my favorite area of law, so when I abandoned the misc.legal FAQ, I decided to retain the portions dealing with copyright law, and to fashion that into a Copyright Law FAQ. This document is the result. This FAQ betrays its misc.legal origin. On misc.legal, it's very common, and indeed preferred, for assertions of law to be accompanied by citations to the relevant legal authorities. This serves as a check against erroneous or misleading interpretations of the authorities. It also allows the reader to verify the authorities, and provides an enthusiastic reader with starting points for further research into the subject. In trimming the former misc.legal FAQ to discuss only copyright law, I've decided to retain these citations. This is not only for the reasons stated above, but also because this FAQ, like any other static document, is in danger of being made out of date by future developments in the law. By providing sources for the answers to the questions, an inquisitive reader will be able to investigate the source and determine, for example, if a particular appellate case has been overruled or has been declined to be followed by other appellate courts. I have included an appendix at the end of the FAQ to assist newcomers in understanding the legal notation used in citing references. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I'd like to acknowledge the following people who reviewed early drafts of this FAQ and made valuable suggestions for modifications, or otherwise contributed to the FAQ: Richard A. Anderson <[r--d] at [seq1.loc.gov]> Thomas Deardorff <[t--ar--r] at [u.washington.edu]> Stuart P. Derby <[s--er--y] at [crick.ssctr.bcm.tmc.edu]> Mary Jensen <[c--c--y] at [charlie.usd.edu]> David Lassner <[d--v--d] at [oit.hawaii.edu]> George Mitchell <[g--tc--l] at [library.unt.edu]> Ronald Naylor <[r--y--r] at [umiami.ir.miami.edu]> Carol Odlum <[c--r--l] at [dreamer.rain.com]> Laura A. Pitta <[l--it--a] at [scuacc.scu.edu]> Hank Roth <[o--n] at [world.std.com]> Craig A. Summerhill <[c--a--g] at [cni.org]> Peter Stott <[p s tott] at [pearl.tufts.edu]> David W. Tamkin <[d--t--r] at [genesis.mcs.com]> Glenn S. Tenney <[t--nn--y] at [netcom.com]> Marina ___ [full name unknown] <[m--rl--n] at [sovam.com]> CHANGE LOG V1.0 (Jul. 12, 1993) - Initial release. V1.0.1 (Jul. 20, 1993) - Modified Q32 to add information on ftp from charon.amdahl.com V1.1.0 (Aug. 05, 1993) - Reorganized into six parts; minor editorial changes. V1.1.1 (Sep. 21, 1993) - Added FTP information for rtfm.mit.edu; major overhaul to section 2.4 (on copyright duration); minor editorial changes. V1.1.2 (Nov. 23, 1993) - Miscellaneous minor changes.