References

1 Kopel DB. Guns, germs, and science: public health approaches to gun
control. Presentation to the College of Public Health, University of
Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK. October 14, 1994.

2 Christoffel KK. quoted in: Somerville J. Gun control as immunization.
American Medical News. January 3, 1994. p 9.

3 Adelson L. The gun and the sanctity of human life; or the bullet as
pathogen. Archives of Surgery June 1992; 127: 659-664.

4 Suter EA. Guns in the medical literature - a failure of peer review.
Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia. March 1994; 83: 133-48.

5 Kates DB, Lattimer JK, Murray GB, Cassem EH, Schaffer HE, and Southwick L.
Gun control: epidemic of violence or pandemic of propaganda. University of
Tennessee Law Review. Spring 1995.

6 Kates DB, Lattimer JK, and Cottrol RJ. Public health literature on
firearms - a critique of overt mendacity. a paper presented to the American
Society of Criminology annual meeting. New Orleans, LA. November 5, 1992.

7 Blackman PH. The federal factoid factory on firearms and violence: a
review of CDC research and politics. a paper presented to the Academy of
Criminal Justice Sciences. Chicago IL. March 8-12, 1994.

8 Blackman PH. Criminology's astrology: the Center for Disease Control
approach to public health research on firearms and violence.. a paper
presented to the American Society of Criminology. Baltimore, MD November
7-10, 1990.

9 Blackman PH. Children and firearms: lies the CDC loves.. a paper presented
to the American Society of Criminology. New Orleans, LA. November 4-7, 1992.

10 Suter E. 'Assault weapons' revisited - an analysis of the AMA report.
Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia. May1994; 83: 281-89.

11 Kleck G. Point blank: guns and violence in america. New York: Aldine de
Gruyter. 1991.

12 Wright JD. and Rossi PH. Weapons, crime, and violence in America:
executive summary. Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice, National Institute
of Justice. 1981.

13 Wright JD and Rossi PH. Armed and considered dangerous: a survey of
felons and their firearms. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter. 1986.

14 Kopel DB. The samurai, the mountie, and the cowboy: should America adopt
the gun controls of other democracies? New York: Prometheus Press. 1992.

15 Kates DB. Guns, murders, and the constitution: a realistic assessment of
gun control. San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy.
1990.

16 Hemenway D, Soinick SJ, and Azrael DR. Firearms training and storage.
JAMA. 1995; 273(1):46-50.

17 Kassirer JP. Correspondence. N Engl J. Med 1992; 326:1159-60.

18 Adler KP, Barondess JA, Cohen JJ, Farber SJ, et al. Firearm violence and
public health: limiting the availability of guns. JAMA. 1994; 271(16):
1281-83.

19 Mock C, Pilcher S, and Maier R. Comparison of the costs of acute
treatment for gunshot and stab wounds: further evidence of the need for
firearms control. J. Trauma. 1994; 36(4):516-21.

20 Harvard Medical Practice Study. Report to the State of New York.
Cambridge MA: Harvard Medical School. 1990.

21 Leape LL. Error in medicine. JAMA. 1994; 272(23): 1851-57.

22 Kleck G and Gertz M. Armed resistance to crime: the prevalence and nature
of self-defense with a gun. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology. Summer
1995: 86. forthcoming.

23 Kellermann A, Kleck G, and Suter E. Letters to the Editor. Journal of the
Medical Association of Georgia. June 1994; 83: 42-47.

24 Webster D, Chaulk, Teret S, and Wintemute G. Reducing firearm injuries.
Issues in Science and Technology. Spring 1991: 73-9.

25 Christoffel KK. Towards reducing pediatric injuries from firearms:
charting a legislative and regulatory course. Pediatrics. 1992; 88:294-300.

26 Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice. Uniform crime
reports: crime in the United States 1993. Washington DC: US Government
Printing Office. 1994. Table 5.

27 Dawson JB aand Langan PA, US Bureau of Justice Statistics statisticians.
Murder in families. Washington DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, US
Department of Justice. 1994. p. 5, Table 7.

28 US Bureau of Justice Statistics. Murder in large urban counties, 1988.
Washington DC: US Department of Justice. 1993.

29 Narloch R. Criminal homicide in california. Sacramento CA: California
Bureau of Criminal Statistics. 1973. pp 53-4.

30 Mulvihill D et al. Crimes of violence: report of the task force on
individual acts of violence. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.
1969. p 532.

31 Wheeler ED and Baron SA. Violence in our schools, hospitals and public
places: a prevention and management guide. Ventura CA: Pathfinder. 1993.

32 Max W and Rice DP. Shooting in the dark: estimating the cost of firearm
injuries. Health Affairs. 1993; 12(4): 171-85.

33 Nieto M, Dunstan R, and Koehler GA. Firearm-related violence in
california: incidence and economic costs. Sacramento CA: California Research
Bureau, California State Library. October 1994.

34 McGonigal MD, Cole J, Schwab W, Kauder DR, Rotondo MF, and Angood PB.
Urban firearms deaths: a five-year perspective. J Trauma. 1993; 35(4):
532-36.

35 Hutson HR, Anglin D, and Pratss MJ. Adolescents and children injured or
killed in drive-by shootings in Los Angeles. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330:
324-27.

36 Zedlewski EW. Making confinement decisions - research in brief.
Washington DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.
July 1987.

37 Sugarmann J and Rand K. Cease Fire - A comprehensive strategy to reduce
violence. Washington DC: Violence Policy Center. 1993.

38 Morgan EC and Kopel DB. The 'assault weapon' panic - political
correctness takes aim at the Constitution. Golden CO: Independence
Institute. 1993.

39 Fackler ML, Malinowski JA, Hoxie SW, and Jason A. Wounding effects of the
AK-47 rifle used by Patrick Purdy in the Stockton, California, schoolyard
shooting of January 17, 1989. Am J Forensic Medicine and Path. 1990; 11(3):
185-90.

40 Fackler ML. Wound Ballistics: a review of common misconceptions. JAMA.
1988; 259: 2730-6.

41 Fackler ML. Wound ballistics. in Trunkey DD and Lewis FR, editors.
Current therapy of trauma, vol 2. Philadelphia: BC Decker Inc. 1986. pp.
94-101.

42 Pinkney DS. ERs seeing more 'war wounds' caused by assault weapons.
American Medical News. April 14, 1989; 3: 42-5. cited in: American Medical
Association Council on Scientific Affairs. Assault weapons as a public
health hazard in the United States. JAMA 1992; 267: 3070.

43 Suter E. Testimony before the Pennsylvania State Senate Select Committee
on the Use of Full- and Semi-Automatic Firearms in Crime. Pittsburg, PA.
August 16, 1994.

44 Hartzler v. City of San Jose, App., 120 Cal. Rptr. 5 (1975).

45 Warren v. District of Columbia, D.C. App., 444 A.2d. 1 (1981).

46 South v. Maryland, 59 U.S. (HOW) 396, 15 L.Ed., 433 (1856).

47 Bowers v. DeVito, U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, 686F.2d. 616
(1882).

48 Besides case law, statutes relieve the police of any responsibility to
provide protection to individual citizens, for example, California
Government Code Section 845. Failure to provide police protectionJ-

Neither a public entity nor a public employee is liable for failure to
establish a police department or otherwise provide police protection service
or, if police protection service is provided, for failure to provide
sufficient police protection service.

49 Cramer C and Kopel D. Shall issue: the new wave of concealed handgun
permit laws. Golden CO: Independence Institute Issue Paper. October 17,
1994.

50 Hernandez M. US orders in troops to quell island violence. Los Angeles
Times. September 21, 1989. p. 1.

51 Cottrol RJ and Diamond RT. The second amendment: toward an
Afro-Americanist reconsideration. The Georgetown Law Journal. December 1991:
80; 309-61.

52 Kates DB. Toward a history of handgun prohibition in the United States.
in Kates, DB, Editor. Restricting handguns: the liberal skeptics speak out.
North River Press. 1979.

53 Kessler RG. Gun control and political power. Law & Policy Quarterly. July
1983: Vol. 5, #3; 381-400.

54 Simkin J, Zelman A, and Rice A. Lethal laws. Milwaukee WI: Jews for the
Preservation of Firearms Ownership. 1994.

55 Centerwall BS. "Television and violence: the scale of the problem and
where to go from here." JAMA. 1992; 267: 3059-63.

56 Centerwall BS. "Exposure to television as a risk factor for violence."
Am. J. Epidemiology. 1989; 129: 643-52.

57 Centerwall BS "Young adult suicide and exposure to television." Soc. Psy.
and Psychiatric Epid. 1990; 25:121.

58 Vernick JS and Teret SP. Firearms and health: the right to be armed with
accurate information about the second amendment. Am. J. Public Health. 1993;
83(12):1773-77.

59 Henigan DA. Arms, anarchy and the second amendment. Valparaiso U. Law
Review. Fall 1991; 26: 107-129.

60 Ehrman K and Henigan D. The second amendment in the 20th century: have
you seen your militia lately? Univ. Dayton LawJReview. 1989; 15:5-58.;

61 Van Alstyne W. The second amendment and the personal right to arms. Duke
Law Journal. 1994; 43(6): 1236-55.

62 Kates D. Handgun prohibition and the original meaning of the second
amendment. Michigan Law Review. 1983; 82:203-73.

63 U.S. Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution. The right to keep and bear
arms: report of the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the
Judiciary. United States Congress. 97th. Congress. 2nd. Session. February
1982.

64 Malcolm JL. To keep and bear arms: the origins of an Anglo-American
right. Cambridge MA: Harvard U. Press. 1994.

65 Halbrook SP. That every man be armed - the evolution of a constitutional
right. Albuquerque NM: University of New Mexico Press. 1984.

66 Cramer CE. For the defense of themselves and the state: the original
intent and judicial interpretation of the right to keep and bear arms.
Westport CT & London, England: Praeger. 1994.

67 Presser v. Illinois. 116 U.S. 252 (1886). at 265.

68 U.S. v. Cruickshank. 92 U.S. 542 (1876).

69 Miller v. Texas 153 U.S. 535 (1894).

70 Roberston v. Baldwin 165 U.S. 275 (1897).

71 Miller v. U.S.. 307 U.S. 174 (1938).

72 Reynolds GH and Kates DB. The second amendment and states rights: a
thought experiment. College of William and Mary Law Review. Summer 1995.

73 Nunn v. State. 1Ga. 243 (1846).

74 in re: Brickey. 8 Idaho 597, 70 P. 609 (1902).

75 Articles supportive of the individual rights view include:

Van Alstyne W. The second amendment and the personal right to arms. Duke Law
Journal. 1994; 43(6): 1236-55.; Amar AR. The bill of rights and the
fourteenth amendment. Yale Law Journal. 1992; 101: 1193-1284.; Winter 1992;
9: 87-104.; Scarry E. War and the social contract: the right to bear arms.
Univ. Penn. Law Rev. 1991; 139(5): 1257-1316.; Williams DL. Civic
republicanism and the citizen militia: the terrifying second amendment. Yale
Law Journal. 1991; 101:551-616.; Cottrol RJ and Diamond RT. The second
amendment: toward an Afro-Americanist reconsideration. The Georgetown Law
Journal. December 1991: 80; 309-61.; Amar AR. The bill of rights as a
constitution Yale Law Journal. 1991; 100 (5): 1131-1210.; Levinson S. The
embarrassing second amendment. Yale Law Journal. 1989; 99:637-659.; Kates D.
The second amendment: a dialogue. Law and Contemporary Problems. 1986;
49:143.; Malcolm JL. Essay review. George Washington U. Law Review. 1986;
54: 452-464.; Fussner FS. Essay review. Constitutional Commentary. 1986; 3:
582-8.; Shalhope RE. The armed citizen in the early republic. Law and
Contemporary Problems. 1986; 49:125-141.; Halbrook S. What the framers
intended: a linguistic interpretation of the second amendment. Law and
Contemporary Problems. 1986; 49:151-162.; Kates D. Handgun prohibition and
the original meaning of the second amendment. Michigan Law Review. 1983;
82:203-73. Halbrook S. The right to bear arms in the first state Bills of
Rights: Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Vermont, and Massachusetts. Vermont
Law Review 1985; 10: 255-320.; Halbrook S. The right of the people or the
power of the state: bearing arms, arming militias, and the second amendment.
Valparaiso Law Review. 1991; 26:131-207.; Tahmassebi SB. Gun control and
racism. George Mason Univ. Civil Rights Law Journal. Winter 1991;
2(1):67-99.; Reynolds GH. The right to keep and bear arms under the
Tennessee Constitution. Tennessee Law Review. Winter 1994; 61:2. Bordenet
TM. The right to possess arms: the intent of the Framers of the second
amendment. U.W.L.A. L. Review. 1990; 21:1.-30.; Moncure T. Who is the
militia - the Virginia ratifying convention and the right to bear arms.
Lincoln Law Review. 1990; 19:1-25.; Lund N. The second amendment, political
liberty and the right to self-preservation. Alabama Law Review 1987;
39:103.-130.; Morgan E. Assault rifle legislation: unwise and
unconstitutional. American Journal of Criminal Law. 1990; 17:143-174.;
Dowlut, R. Federal and state constitutional guarantees to arms. Univ. Dayton
Law Review. 1989.; 15(1):59-89.; Halbrook SP. Encroachments of the crown on
the liberty of the subject: pre-revolutionary origins of the second
amendment. Univ. Dayton Law Review. 1989; 15(1):91-124.; Hardy DT. The
second amendment and the historiography of the Bill of Rights. Journal of
Law and Politics. Summer 1987; 4(1):1-62.; Hardy DT. Armed citizens, citizen
armies: toward a jurisprudence of the second amendment. Harvard Journal of
Law and Public Policy. 1986; 9:559-638.; Dowlut R. The current relevancy of
keeping and bearing arms. Univ. Baltimore Law Forum. 1984; 15:30-32.;
Malcolm JL. The right of the people to keep and bear arms: The Common Law
Tradition. Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly. Winter 1983;
10(2):285-314.; Dowlut R. The right to arms: does the Constitution or the
predilection of judges reign? Oklahoma Law Review. 1983; 36:65-105.; Caplan
DI. The right of the individual to keep and bear arms: a recent judicial
trend. Detroit College of Law Review. 1982; 789-823.; Halbrook SP. To keep
and bear 'their private arms' Northern Kentucky Law Review. 1982;
10(1):13-39.; Gottlieb A. Gun ownership: a constitutional right. Northern
Kentucky Law Review 1982; 10:113-40.; Gardiner R. To preserve liberty -- a
look at the right to keep and bear arms. Northern Kentucky Law Review. 1982;
10(1):63-96.; Kluin KF. Note. Gun control: is it a legal and effective means
of controlling firearms in the United States? Washburn Law Journal 1982;
21:244-264.; Halbrook S. The jurisprudence of the second and fourteenth
amendments. George Mason U. Civil Rights Law Review. 1981; 4:1-69. Wagner
JR. Comment: gun control legislation and the intent of the second amendment:
to what extent is there an individual right to keep and bear arms? Villanova
Law Review. 1992; 37:1407-1459.

The following treatments in book form also conclude that the individual
right position is correct:

Malcolm JL. To keep and bear arms: the origins of an Anglo-American right.
Cambridge MA: Harvard U. Press. 1994.; Cottrol R. Gun control and the
Constitution (3 volume set). New York City: Garland. 1993.; Cramer CE. For
the defense of themselves and the state: the original intent and judicial
interpretation of the right to keep and bear arms. Westport CT: Praeger
Publishers. 1994. Cottrol R and Diamond R. Public safety and the right to
bear arms. in Bodenhamer D and Ely J. After 200 years; the Bill of Rights in
modern America. Indiana U. Press. 1993.; Oxford Companion to the United
States Supreme Court. Oxford U. Press. 1992. (entry on the Second
Amendment); Foner E and Garrity J. Reader's companion to American history.
Houghton Mifflin. 1991. 477-78. (entry on "Guns and Gun Control"); Kates D.
"Minimalist interpretation of the second amendment" in E. Hickok, editor.
The Bill of Rights: original meaning and current understanding.
Charlottesville: U. Press of Virginia. 1991.; Halbrook S. The original
understanding of the second amendment. in E. Hickok, editor. The Bill of
Rights: original meaning and current understanding. Charlottesville: U.
Press of Virginia. 1991.; Young DE. The origin of the second amendment.
Golden Oak Books. 1991.; Halbrook S. A right to bear arms: state and federal
Bills of Rights and constitutional guarantees. Greenwood. 1989.; Levy LW.
Original intent and the Framers' constitution. Macmillan. 1988.; Hardy D.
Origins and development of the second amendment. Blacksmith. 1986.; Levy LW,
Karst KL, and Mahoney DJ. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. New
York: Macmillan. 1986. (entry on the Second Amendment); Halbrook S. That
every man be armed: the evolution of a constitutional right. Albuquerque,
NM: U. New Mexico Press. 1984.; Marina. Weapons, technology and legitimacy:
The second amendment in global perspective. and Halbrook S. The second
amendment as a phenomenon of classical political philosophy. -- both in
Kates D (ed.). Firearms and violence. San Francisco: Pacific Research
Institute. 1984.; U.S. Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution. The right to
keep and bear arms: report of the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the
Committee on the Judiciary. United States Congress. 97th. Congress. 2nd.
Session. February 1982.

regarding incorporation of the Second Amendment:

Aynes RL. On misreading John Bingham and the fourteenth amendment. Yale Law
Journal. 1993; 103:57-104.;

76 The minority supporting a collective right only view:

Ehrman K and Henigan D. The second amendment in the 20th century: have you
seen your militia lately? Univ. Dayton LawJReview. 1989; 15:5-58.; Henigan
DA. Arms, anarchy and the second amendment. Valparaiso U. Law Review. Fall
1991; 26: 107-129.; Fields S. Guns, crime and the negligent gun owner.
Northern Kentucky Law Review. 1982; 10(1): 141-162.; and Spannaus W. State
firearms regulation and the second amendment. Hamline Law Review. 1983;
6:383-408.

In addition, see:

Beschle. Reconsidering the second amendment: constitutional protection for a
right of security. Hamline Law Review. 1986; 9:69. (conceding that the
Amendment does guarantee a right of personal security, but arguing that
personal security can constitutionally be implemented by banning and
confiscating all guns).

77 Kates D. The second amendment and the ideology of self-protection.
Constitutional Commentary. Winter 1992; 9: 87-104.

78 Johnson NJ. Beyond the second amendment: an individual right to arms
viewed through the ninth amendment. Rutgers Law Journal. Fall 1992; 24 (1):
1-81.

79 Curtis M. No state shall abridge. Durham NC: Duke. 1986. pp. 52, 53, 56,
72, 88, 140-1 and 164.

80 Amar AR. The Bill of Rights and the fourteenth amendment. The Yale Law
Journal. 1992; 101: 1193-1284.

81 Aynes RL. On misreading John Bingham and the fourteenth amendment. Yale
Law Journal. 1993; 103:57-104.

82 Halbrook S. Freedmen, firearms, and the fourteenth amendment. in That
every man be armed: the evolution of a constitutional right. Albuquerque,
NM: U. of New Mexico Press. 1984. Chap. 5.

83 New York v. United States. 112 Sup.Ct.Rptr. 2408 (1992).

84 18 USC Section 922(s) (2), the portion of the Brady Law that orders
State-created chief law enforcement officers to search available records and
to ascertain the legality of handgun transactions, has been held
unconstitutional in Printz v. United States. , 854 F. Supp. 1503 (D. Mont.)
1994), appeal pending (9th Cir. No. 94-36193); Mack v. United States, 856 F.
Supp. 1372 (D. Ariz.), appeal pending (9th Cir. No. 94-16940); McGee v.
United States, 863 F. Supp. 321 (S.D. Miss. 1994), appeal pending (5th Cir
No. 94-60518); Frank v. United States, 860 F. Supp. 1030 (D. Vt. 1994);
Romero v. United States; Romero v. United States No. 94-0419, W. D. La.
(Dec. 8, 1994). Romero also held that Section 922(s) (6) (B) and (C), which
require chief law enforcement officers to destroy records of handgun
transactions and to write letters explaining denials, unconstitutional under
the Tenth Amendment.

Koog v. United States, 852 F. Supp. 1376 (W.D. Tex. 1994), appeal pending
(5th Cir. No. 94-50562), the only district court opinion to uphold all of
Section 922(s), argues that the latest US Supreme Court precedent on the
Tenth Amendment is contracdictory and makes logical leap[s]. Id. at 1381,
1386 n. 20.

85 Cramer C and Kopel D. Concealed handgun permits for licensed trained
citizens: a policy that is saving lives. Golden CO: Independence Institute
Issue Paper #14-93. 1993.

86 McDowall D, Loftin C, and Wiersema B. "Easing Concealer Firearm Laws:
Effects on Homicide in Three States." Discussion Paper 15. College Park MD:
University of Maryland Violence Research Group. January 1995. - also
forthcoming in Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology. June 1995.

87 Loftin C, McDowall D, Wiersema B, and Cottey TJ. Effects of Restrictive
Licensing of Handguns on Homicide and Suicide in the District of Columbia.
N. Engl J Med 1991; 325:1615-20.

88 Kopel DB. Prison blues: how America's foolish sentencing policies
endanger public safety, Washington DC: Cato Institute. Policy Analysis No.
208. May 17, 1994.

89 Hatch O and Dole R, US Senators. letter to US Attorney General Janet
Reno. November 3, 1994.

90 Aborn R, President of Handgun Control Inc. Letter to the editor.
Washington Post. September 30, 1994.

91 Howlett D. Jury still out on success of the Brady Law. USA Today.
December 28, 1994. p A-2.

92 Halbrook SP. Another look at the Brady Law. Washington Post. October 8,
1994. p A-18.

93 Harris J, Assistant Attorney General, US Department of Justice. Statement
to the Subcommittee on Crime and Criminal Justice, Committee on the
Judiciary, US House of Representatives concerning federal firearms
prosecutions. September 20, 1994.

94 Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice. Guns and crime.
Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. April 1994; NCJ-147003.

95 Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice. Uniform crime
reports: crime in the United States 1992. Washington DC: US Government
Printing Office. 1993.

96 National Safety Council. Accident facts 1992. Chicago: National Safety
Council. 1993.

97 Rector R. Combatting family disintegration, crime and dependence: welfare
reform and beyond. Washington DC: Heritage Foundation. April 8, 1994.

98 Polsby D. The false promises of gun control. The Atlantic Monthly. March
1994. 57-70.